Baumard proposes a model to explain the dramatic rise in innovation that occurred during the Industrial Revolution, whereby rising living standards led to slower life history strategies, which, in turn, fostered innovation. We test his model explicitly using time series data, finding limited support for these proposed linkages. Instead, we find evidence that rising living standards appear to have a time-lagged bidirectional relationship with increasing innovation.

Der Philosoph und Historiker Bernhard Groethuysen gehört zu den herausragenden Gestalten des deutsch-französischen Kulturtransfers der Zwischenkriegszeit. Zugleich gilt er aufgrund seiner historischen Schriften als einer der Wegbereiter der modernen Kultur- und Mentalitätsgeschichte. Erstmals liegt nun eine umfassende intellektuelle Biographie des Berliner Gelehrten und Pariser homme de lettres vor, die Groethuysens Leben und Werk miteinander in Verbindung setzt und im Kontext der europäischen Geistesgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts verortet. Ausgehend von seinem Studium bei Wilhelm Dilthey und Georg Simmel wird Groethuysens Lebensweg, der (...) ihn von der Berliner Universität in die Intellektuellenmilieus von Paris führte, nachgezeichnet. Bereits seit den frühen 1920er Jahren war die französische Hauptstadt zu Groethuysens Wahlheimat geworden. Hier verbrachte er den Großteil des Jahres, lebte im Freundeskreis von André Gide und machte als Lektor des bekannten französischen Verlags Gallimard Kafka und Musil in Frankreich bekannt. Zugleich war er bis 1933 während der Sommersemester als Professor für Philosophie an der Berliner Universität tätig. 1927 legte er mit seinem Werk über die Entstehung der bürgerlichen Welt- und Lebensanschauung in Frankreich einen Klassiker moderner Kulturgeschichtsschreibung vor, der sich als ein methodischer Brückenschlag zwischen französischer Mentalitätsgeschichte und deutscher Geistes- und Ideengeschichte lesen läßt. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung The Fischer controversy of the 1960s regarding the German Empire's responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War stands today as a pivotal debate for the question of whether the political culture of the Federal Republic has achieved a critical, self-reflexive view of contemporary German history. Drawing from Fischer's historiographic work back to his early academic activity as Protestant church historian an thereby also to understand the Fischer controversy as a debate regarding the responsibility of Protestantism for the (...) rise of National Socialism in Germany. (shrink)

A pseudo-natural algorithm for the word problem of a finitely presented group is an algorithm which not only tells us whether or not a word w equals 1 in the group but also gives a derivation of 1 from w when w equals 1. In [13], [14] Madlener and Otto show that, if we measure complexity of a primitive recursive algorithm by its level in the Grzegorczyk hierarchy, there are groups in which a pseudo-natural algorithm is arbitrarily more complicated than (...) an algorithm which simply solves the word problem. In a given group the lowest degree of complexity that can be realised by a pseudo-natural algorithm is essentially the derivational complexity of that group. Thus the result separates the derivational complexity of the word problem of a finitely presented group from its intrinsic complexity. The proof given in [13] involves the construction of a finitely presented group G from a Turing machine T such that the intrinsic complexity of the word problem for G reflects the complexity of the halting problem of T, while the derivational complexity of the word problem for G reflects the runtime complexity of T. The proof of one of the crucial lemmas in [13] is only sketched, and part of the purpose of this paper is to give the full details of this proof. We will also obtain a variant of their proof, using modular machines rather than Turing machines. As for several other results, this simplifies the proofs considerably. MSC: 03D40, 20F10. (shrink)

Describes the classicall law theory basics. Translaltion from German.

Convergence research is driven by specific and compelling problems and requires deep integration across disciplines. The potential of convergence research is widely recognized, but questions remain about how to design, facilitate, and assess such research. Here we analyze a seven-year, twelve-million-dollar convergence project on sustainable climate risk management to answer two questions. First, what is the impact of a project-level emphasis on the values that motivate and tie convergence research to the compelling problems? Second, how does participation in convergence projects (...) shape the research of postdoctoral scholars who are still in the process of establishing themselves professionally? We use an interview-based approach to characterize what the project specifically enabled in each participant’s research. We find that (a) the project pushed participants’ research into better alignment with the motivating concept of convergence research and that this effect was stronger for postdoctoral scholars than for more senior faculty. (b) Postdocs’ self-assessed understanding of key project themes, however, appears unconnected to metrics of project participation, raising questions about training and integration. Regarding values, (c) the project enabled heightened attention to values in the research of a large minority of participants. (d) Participants strongly believe in the importance of explicitly reflecting on values that motivate and pervade scientific research, but they question their own understanding of how to put value-focused science into practice. This mismatch of perceived importance with poor understanding highlights an unmet need in the practice of convergence science. (shrink)

People sometimes explain behavior by appealing to an essentialist concept of the self, often referred to as the true self. Existing studies suggest that people tend to believe that the true self is morally virtuous; that is deep inside, every person is motivated to behave in morally good ways. Is this belief particular to individuals with optimistic beliefs or people from Western cultures, or does it reflect a widely held cognitive bias in how people understand the self? To address this (...) question, we tested the good true self theory against two potential boundary conditions that are known to elicit different beliefs about the self as a whole. Study 1 tested whether individual differences in misanthropy—the tendency to view humans negatively—predict beliefs about the good true self in an American sample. The results indicate a consistent belief in a good true self, even among individuals who have an explicitly pessimistic view of others. Study 2 compared true self-attributions across cultural groups, by comparing samples from an independent country and a diverse set of interdependent countries. Results indicated that the direction and magnitude of the effect are comparable across all groups we tested. The belief in a good true self appears robust across groups varying in cultural orientation or misanthropy, suggesting a consistent psychological tendency to view the true self as morally good. (shrink)

Mission-oriented climate change research is often unverifiable. Therefore, many stakeholders look to peer-reviewed climate change research for trustworthy information about deeply uncertain and impactful phenomena. This is because peer-review signals that research has been vetted for scientific standards like reproducibility and replicability. Here we evaluate the transparency of research methodologies in mission-oriented computational climate research. We find that only five percent of our sample meets the minimal standard of fully open data and code required for reproducibility and replicability. The widespread (...) lack of minimal openness standards in peer-reviewed climate change research jeopardizes scientific credibility and risks poor societal outcomes as we manage growing climate risks. The scientific community can and must do better. We, the authors, outline necessary openness standards that we commit to as researchers, reviewers, and readers. We invite you to join us. (shrink)

Neste artigo, compreende-se o neoliberalismo como um fenômeno complexo, em constante transformação, dotado de racionalidade. Defendese a Educação como um dos elementos centrais para aplicação e atuação de tecnologias políticas constituintes da racionalidade neoliberal. O artigo resulta da articulação dos achados de duas pesquisas, no sentido de compor uma trama analítica de discursos sobre docência, divulgadas veiculados na contemporaneidade. Trata-se de uma análise macro – campanhas e projetos com foco na docência divulgadas pela Rede Latino-Americana pela Educação – e de (...) seus desdobramentos discursivos em termos micro – especialmente nas campanhas eleitorais brasileiras. As análises realizadas compreendem a articulação entre as campanhas e os projetos da Reduca e as propostas político-eleitorais brasileiras como um conjunto de práticas materializantes e constituintes da agenda educacional-neoliberal latinoamericana. Inscreve “a formação continuada e a valorização de professores” como categoria analítica emergente dos documentos analisados. Tal categoria exerce papel central na consolidação da racionalidade do projeto neoliberal, resultando em inúmeras formas de pautar a Educação a partir da profissionalização e da legitimação do papel docente. Conclui-se que a ressignificação de “boas” práticas pedagógicas na contemporaneidade se constituiu a partir de processos de responsabilização dos docentes, principalmente pautados pela premissa neoliberal da performance individual, presente tanto nos discursos políticos eleitorais brasileiros quanto nos empresariais. Além disso, existe uma forte atuação dos empresários na área da Educação, em diferentes países da América Latina, de modo que compreender como a Educação vem sendo reinscrita a partir dessa e de outras redes de políticas educacionais é fundamental para se desnaturalizar os discursos transmitidos por tais redes, que materializam a agenda educacional contemporânea. (shrink)

Let β be an arbitrary limit ordinal. A β-r.e. set is l-finite iff all its β-r.e. subsets are β-recursive. The l-finite sets correspond to the ideal of finite sets in the lattice of r.e. sets. We give a characterization of l-finite sets in terms of their ordertype: a β-r.e. set is l-finite iff it has ordertype less than β * , the Σ 1 projectum of β.

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 97 Heft: 1 Seiten: 373-374.

Book OLIVEIRA, Irene Dias de. Religião e as teias do multiculturalismo. São Paulo: Fonte Editorial, 2015. 97p. ISBN 978-85-68252-55-0.

O ARTIGO INVESTIGA A PASSAGEM DO CAPÍTULO DA RELIGIÃO PARA O DO SABER ABSOLUTO NA FENOMENOLOGIA DO ESPÍRITO DE HEGEL. TRATA-SE DE LOCALIZAR A RELIGIÃO COMO TRADUÇÃO DA FORMA OU DA LINGUAGEM DA REPRESENTAÇÃO PARA A FORMA OU A LINGUAGEM DO CONCEITO E AS IMPLICAÇÕES QUE ESSA DETERMINAÇÃO FORMAL TRAZ PARA UMA POSSÍVEL COMPREENSÃO DO LUGAR ESPECÍFICO DO DISCURSO RELIGIOSO, QUE SE MOVE ENTRE O UNIVERSAL E O PARTICULAR.

La menzogna è irrinunciabile per vincere in politica? Davi ci spiega quali sono i meccanismi di persuasione a cui ricorrono taluni politici per farsi eleggere e quali le responsabilità di quegli elettori che scelgono comunque di votare chi sostiene anche ciò che non può essere vero. È indubbio che la comunicazione politica si rifaccia al simbolismo e al linguaggio delle favole; non necessariamente per occultare la realtà, ma più direttamente per esprimere con maggiore efficacia il suo messaggio. Alle celebri favole (...) di 'Biancaneve', 'Cenerentola', 'Il brutto anatroccolo' sono ricorsi infatti uomini politici del calibro di Berlusconi, Prodi, Nixon, Carter, Mitterrand e partiti quali la Democrazia Cristiana; l'hanno fatto per conquistare voti ma anche per attivare ampi meccanismi di consenso che attingessero direttamente dall'inconscio collettivo. Le conseguenze - ammonisce l'autore - possono essere molto serie, come nel caso dell'attuale politica americana che ha portato la manipolazione e l'inganno a essere riconosciuti come tratti identitari della presidenza di George W. Bush. (shrink)

Apresenta-se a tradução para o português das páginas iniciais da nova biografia de G. W. F. Hegel, da autoria de Klaus Vieweg. Nestas páginas, Vieweg expõe um panorama geral da vida de Hegel, bem como as chaves interpretativas que permitem relacionar a vida com a obra. Apresenta-se, assim, uma visão coerente e pormenorizada do percurso bio-bibliográfico do filósofo, da sua inserção na sua época, assim como um esboço muito geral da recepção de Hegel, tanto pelos seus contemporâneos como na (...) atualidade. Desmontam-se além disso diversos preconceitos e erros, por vezes grosseiros, de interpretação que se repetiram nos últimos dois séculos sobre o filósofo de Estugarda. (shrink)

Intentionality is a curious notion and so is partial identity; the latter is employed by Christopher Tomaszewski (henceforth, CT) in his paper to afford solutions to a wide array of different philosophical problems. The author’s central thesis is that intentionality is a kind of partial identity; i.e. when the mind is intentionally directed towards an external object, it "takes in" a part of the object – its form, but not its matter. In my essay I first expound Franz Brentano's views (...) on intentionality - inspired by Aristotle's doctrine of hylomorphism. Contrary to what CT suggests, I conclude (in light of Brentano's later work) that intentionality should not be characterized as a genuine relation since one can be intentionally directed towards existing as well as non-existing objects and since, in the case of the latter, it remains unclear what it is that the mind “takes in”. Second, I clarify the notion of partial identity. In this context it is not obvious to me what exactly CT's appeal to partial identity contributes to the solution of the problem of material constitution. Third, I explicate CT's thesis that intentionality is partial identity (based on previously given definitions) and conclude that his argument in support of mind/body-dualism fails. Overall, skepticism remains as to whether partial identity adequately captures the tricky terrain of intentionality. (shrink)

Language’s intentional nature has been highlighted as a crucial feature distinguishing it from other communication systems. Specifically, language is often thought to depend on highly structured intentional action and mutual mindreading by a communicator and recipient. Whilst similar abilities in animals can shed light on the evolution of intentionality, they remain challenging to detect unambiguously. We revisit animal intentional communication and suggest that progress in identifying analogous capacities has been complicated by (i) the assumption that intentional (that is, voluntary) production (...) of communicative acts requires mental-state attribution, and (ii) variation in approaches investigating communication across sensory modalities. To move forward, we argue that a framework fusing research across modalities and species is required. We structure intentional communication into a series of requirements, each of which can be operationalised, investigated empirically, and must be met for purposive, intentionally communicative acts to be demonstrated. Our unified approach helps elucidate the distribution of animal intentional communication and subsequently serves to clarify what is meant by attributions of intentional communication in animals and humans. (shrink)

In diesem Band legt der bis zuletzt in Münster lehrende Philosoph und katholische Theologe Klaus Müller einen Gesamtentwurf seines Denkens und Schaffens vor. In seinem Plädoyer für einen kritischen Panentheismus präsentiert er nicht nur die große Bandbreite seiner Forschungsthemen, wie Subjektphilosophie und Selbstbewusstseinstheorie, das Verhältnis von Glauben und Vernunft, Medientheorie und Cyberphilosophie, sondern er spitzt sie hier auf die Gottesfrage zu, die immer schon sein Lebensthema war. Wie kann heute eine intellektuell redliche Rede von Gott gelingen, ohne sich solcher (...) Begriffe wie Schöpfer, Personalität Gottes oder Freiheit des Menschen zu entledigen? Ausgehend von einer Zeitdiagnose, die diese und andere Herausforderungen der christlichen Gottesrede aufdeckt, zeigt sich, dass der hier entfaltete Lösungsvorschlag unter dem Label "Panentheismus" bereits aus zahlreichen verschütteten oder vernachlässigten Quellen unterschiedlicher Epochen schöpfen kann. Ausführlich lotet der Band das theologische Wagnis dieser Denkform aus, insofern er die Konsequenzen eines kritischen Panentheismus und die einhergehenden Transformationsprozesse im Blick auf Trinität, Christologie, Pneumatologie, Schöpfungslehre, Theodizee, Ekklesiologie, Eschatologie entfaltet. Auf beeindruckende Weise legt Klaus Müller in diesem Werk das Potential eines kritischen Panentheismus für Philosophie und Theologie, aber auch für den persönlichen Glauben eines Einzelnen frei. (shrink)

Language's intentional nature has been highlighted as a crucial feature distinguishing it from other communication systems. Specifically, language is often thought to depend on highly structured intentional action and mutual mindreading by a communicator and recipient. Whilst similar abilities in animals can shed light on the evolution of intentionality, they remain challenging to detect unambiguously. We revisit animal intentional communication and suggest that progress in identifying analogous capacities has been complicated by (i) the assumption that intentional (that is, voluntary) production (...) of communicative acts requires mental-state attribution, and (ii) variation in approaches investigating communication across sensory modalities. To move forward, we argue that a framework fusing research across modalities and species is required. We structure intentional communication into a series of requirements, each of which can be operationalised, investigated empirically, and must be met for purposive, intentionally communicative acts to be demonstrated. Our unified approach helps elucidate the distribution of animal intentional communication and subsequently serves to clarify what is meant by attributions of intentional communication in animals and humans. (shrink)